Trait libc::prelude::Clone

1.0.0 · source ·

pub(crate) trait Clone: Sized {
    // Required method
    fn clone(&self) -> Self;

    // Provided method
    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) { ... }
}

Expand description

A common trait for the ability to explicitly duplicate an object.

Differs from Copy in that Copy is implicit and an inexpensive bit-wise copy, while Clone is always explicit and may or may not be expensive. In order to enforce these characteristics, Rust does not allow you to reimplement Copy, but you may reimplement Clone and run arbitrary code.

Since Clone is more general than Copy, you can automatically make anything Copy be Clone as well.

§Derivable

This trait can be used with #[derive] if all fields are Clone. The derived implementation of Clone calls clone on each field.

For a generic struct, #[derive] implements Clone conditionally by adding bound Clone on generic parameters.

// `derive` implements Clone for Reading<T> when T is Clone.
#[derive(Clone)]
struct Reading<T> {
    frequency: T,
}

§How can I implement `Clone`?

Types that are Copy should have a trivial implementation of Clone. More formally: if T: Copy, x: T, and y: &T, then let x = y.clone(); is equivalent to let x = *y;. Manual implementations should be careful to uphold this invariant; however, unsafe code must not rely on it to ensure memory safety.

An example is a generic struct holding a function pointer. In this case, the implementation of Clone cannot be derived, but can be implemented as:

struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

impl<T> Copy for Generate<T> {}

impl<T> Clone for Generate<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        *self
    }
}

If we derive:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

the auto-derived implementations will have unnecessary T: Copy and T: Clone bounds:


// Automatically derived
impl<T: Copy> Copy for Generate<T> { }

// Automatically derived
impl<T: Clone> Clone for Generate<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Generate<T> {
        Generate(Clone::clone(&self.0))
    }
}

The bounds are unnecessary because clearly the function itself should be copy- and cloneable even if its return type is not:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

struct NotCloneable;

fn generate_not_cloneable() -> NotCloneable {
    NotCloneable
}

Generate(generate_not_cloneable).clone(); // error: trait bounds were not satisfied
// Note: With the manual implementations the above line will compile.

§Additional implementors

In addition to the implementors listed below, the following types also implement Clone:

Function item types (i.e., the distinct types defined for each function)
Function pointer types (e.g., fn() -> i32)
Closure types, if they capture no value from the environment or if all such captured values implement Clone themselves. Note that variables captured by shared reference always implement Clone (even if the referent doesn’t), while variables captured by mutable reference never implement Clone.

Required Methods§

1.0.0 · source

fn clone(&self) -> Self

Returns a copy of the value.

§Examples

let hello = "Hello"; // &str implements Clone

assert_eq!("Hello", hello.clone());

Provided Methods§

1.0.0 · source

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

a.clone_from(&b) is equivalent to a = b.clone() in functionality, but can be overridden to reuse the resources of a to avoid unnecessary allocations.

Object Safety§

This trait is not object safe.

Trait libc::prelude::CloneCopy item path

§Derivable

§How can I implement Clone?

§Additional implementors

Required Methods§

fn clone(&self) -> Self

§Examples

Provided Methods§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Object Safety§

Implementors§

impl Clone for tpacket_versions

impl Clone for libc::prelude::fmt::Alignment

impl Clone for AsciiChar

impl Clone for core::cmp::Ordering

impl Clone for Infallible

impl Clone for IpAddr

impl Clone for Ipv6MulticastScope

impl Clone for SocketAddr

impl Clone for FpCategory

impl Clone for IntErrorKind

impl Clone for SearchStep

impl Clone for core::sync::atomic::Ordering

impl Clone for bool

impl Clone for char

impl Clone for f16

impl Clone for f32

impl Clone for f64

impl Clone for f128

impl Clone for i8

impl Clone for i16

impl Clone for i32

impl Clone for i64

impl Clone for i128

impl Clone for isize

impl Clone for !

impl Clone for u8

impl Clone for u16

impl Clone for u32

impl Clone for u64

impl Clone for u128

impl Clone for usize

impl Clone for termios2

impl Clone for msqid_ds

impl Clone for semid_ds

impl Clone for sigset_t

impl Clone for sysinfo

impl Clone for statvfs

impl Clone for _libc_fpstate

impl Clone for _libc_fpxreg

impl Clone for _libc_xmmreg

impl Clone for clone_args

impl Clone for flock64

impl Clone for flock

impl Clone for ipc_perm

impl Clone for max_align_t

impl Clone for mcontext_t

impl Clone for pthread_attr_t

impl Clone for ptrace_rseq_configuration

impl Clone for shmid_ds

impl Clone for sigaction

impl Clone for siginfo_t

impl Clone for stack_t

impl Clone for stat64

impl Clone for stat

impl Clone for statfs64

impl Clone for statfs

impl Clone for statvfs64

impl Clone for ucontext_t

impl Clone for user

impl Clone for user_fpregs_struct

impl Clone for user_regs_struct

impl Clone for Elf32_Chdr

impl Clone for Elf64_Chdr

impl Clone for __c_anonymous_ptrace_syscall_info_entry

impl Clone for __c_anonymous_ptrace_syscall_info_exit

impl Clone for __c_anonymous_ptrace_syscall_info_seccomp

impl Clone for __exit_status

impl Clone for __timeval

impl Clone for aiocb

Trait libc::prelude::Clone

§How can I implement `Clone`?