elliptic_curve/

secret_key.rs

//! Secret keys for elliptic curves (i.e. private scalars).
//!
//! The [`SecretKey`] type is a wrapper around a secret scalar value which is
//! designed to prevent unintentional exposure (e.g. via `Debug` or other
//! logging). It also handles zeroing the secret value out of memory securely
//! on drop.

#[cfg(all(feature = "pkcs8", feature = "sec1"))]
mod pkcs8;

use crate::{Curve, Error, FieldBytes, Result, ScalarValue};
use array::typenum::Unsigned;
use common::{Generate, InvalidKey, KeySizeUser, TryKeyInit};
use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
use rand_core::{CryptoRng, TryCryptoRng};
use subtle::{Choice, ConstantTimeEq, CtOption};
use zeroize::{Zeroize, ZeroizeOnDrop, Zeroizing};

#[cfg(feature = "ecdh")]
use crate::ecdh;
#[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
use crate::{CurveArithmetic, NonZeroScalar, PublicKey};
#[cfg(all(feature = "arithmetic", feature = "pem"))]
use alloc::string::String;
#[cfg(feature = "pem")]
use pem_rfc7468::{self as pem, PemLabel};
#[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", feature = "arithmetic", feature = "sec1"))]
use {
    crate::{
        AffinePoint,
        sec1::{FromSec1Point, ToSec1Point},
    },
    alloc::vec::Vec,
    sec1::der::Encode,
};
#[cfg(feature = "sec1")]
use {
    crate::{
        DecodeError, DecodeResult, FieldBytesSize,
        sec1::{ModulusSize, Sec1Point, ValidatePublicKey},
    },
    sec1::der::{self, Decode, oid::AssociatedOid},
};

#[cfg(all(doc, feature = "pkcs8"))]
use {crate::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey, core::str::FromStr};

/// Elliptic curve secret keys.
///
/// This type wraps a secret scalar value, helping to prevent accidental exposure and securely
/// erasing the value from memory when dropped.
///
/// # Generating secret keys
/// [`SecretKey`]s can be generated using the [`Generate`] trait.
///
/// # Parsing PKCS#8 Keys
/// PKCS#8 is a commonly used format for encoding secret keys (especially ones
/// generated by OpenSSL).
///
/// Keys in PKCS#8 format are either binary (ASN.1 BER/DER), or PEM encoded
/// (ASCII) and begin with the following:
///
/// ```text
/// -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
/// ```
///
/// To decode an elliptic curve private key from PKCS#8, enable the `pkcs8`
/// feature of this crate (or the `pkcs8` feature of a specific RustCrypto
/// elliptic curve crate) and use the [`DecodePrivateKey`]  trait to parse it.
///
/// When the `pem` feature of this crate (or a specific RustCrypto elliptic
/// curve crate) is enabled, a [`FromStr`] impl is also available.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct SecretKey<C: Curve> {
    /// Scalar value
    inner: ScalarValue<C>,
}

impl<C> SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    /// Minimum allowed size of an elliptic curve secret key in bytes.
    ///
    /// This provides the equivalent of 96-bits of symmetric security.
    pub const MIN_SIZE: usize = 24;

    /// Create a new secret key from a scalar value.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// This will return a none if the scalar is all-zero.
    pub fn from_scalar(scalar: impl Into<ScalarValue<C>>) -> CtOption<Self> {
        let inner = scalar.into();
        CtOption::new(Self { inner }, !inner.is_zero())
    }

    /// Borrow the inner secret [`ScalarValue`] value.
    ///
    /// <div class="warning">
    /// <b>Security Warning</b>
    ///
    /// This value is key material. Please treat it with the care it deserves!
    /// </div>
    pub fn as_scalar_value(&self) -> &ScalarValue<C> {
        &self.inner
    }

    /// Get the secret [`NonZeroScalar`] value for this key.
    ///
    /// <div class="warning">
    /// <b>Security Warning</b>
    ///
    /// This value is key material. Please treat it with the care it deserves!
    /// </div>
    #[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
    pub fn to_nonzero_scalar(&self) -> NonZeroScalar<C>
    where
        C: CurveArithmetic,
    {
        self.into()
    }

    /// Get the [`PublicKey`] which corresponds to this secret key
    #[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
    pub fn public_key(&self) -> PublicKey<C>
    where
        C: CurveArithmetic,
    {
        PublicKey::from_secret_scalar(&self.to_nonzero_scalar())
    }

    /// Deserialize secret key from an encoded secret scalar.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// Returns [`Error`] if `bytes` overflows the scalar modulus.
    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &FieldBytes<C>) -> Result<Self> {
        let inner = ScalarValue::<C>::from_bytes(bytes)
            .into_option()
            .ok_or(Error)?;

        if inner.is_zero().into() {
            return Err(Error);
        }

        Ok(Self { inner })
    }

    /// Deserialize secret key from an encoded secret scalar passed as a byte slice.
    ///
    /// The slice is expected to be a minimum of 24-bytes (192-bytes) and at most
    /// `C::FieldBytesSize` bytes in length.
    ///
    /// Byte slices shorter than the field size are handled by zero padding the input.
    ///
    /// NOTE: this function is variable-time with respect to the input length. To avoid a timing
    /// sidechannel, always ensure that the input has been pre-padded to `C::FieldBytesSize`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// - if `slice` is shorter than [`Self::MIN_SIZE`].
    /// - if `slice` is not sized appropriately for the scalar modulus.
    /// - if the decoded scalar field element overflows the scalar modulus.
    pub fn from_slice(slice: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
        if let Ok(field_bytes) = <&FieldBytes<C>>::try_from(slice) {
            Self::from_bytes(field_bytes)
        } else if (Self::MIN_SIZE..C::FieldBytesSize::USIZE).contains(&slice.len()) {
            let mut bytes = Zeroizing::new(FieldBytes::<C>::default());
            let offset = C::FieldBytesSize::USIZE.saturating_sub(slice.len());
            bytes[offset..].copy_from_slice(slice);
            Self::from_bytes(&bytes)
        } else {
            Err(Error)
        }
    }

    /// Serialize raw secret scalar as a big endian integer.
    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> FieldBytes<C> {
        self.inner.to_bytes()
    }

    /// Perform Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman with the given public key, returning a shared secret.
    ///
    /// See the documentation in the [`ecdh`] module for more information.
    #[cfg(feature = "ecdh")]
    pub fn diffie_hellman(&self, public_key: &PublicKey<C>) -> ecdh::SharedSecret<C>
    where
        C: CurveArithmetic,
    {
        ecdh::diffie_hellman(self.to_nonzero_scalar(), public_key.as_affine())
    }

    /// Decode [`SecretKey`] from DER-encoded private key.
    ///
    /// # Supported formats
    /// - PKCS#8: requires `pkcs8` feature
    /// - SEC1: requires `sec1` feature
    ///
    /// If you are expecting one format over the other, it's better to use a more specific method:
    /// - PKCS#8: [`::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey::from_pkcs8_der`]
    /// - SEC1: [`::sec1::DecodeEcPrivateKey::from_sec1_der`]
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// - Returns [`DecodeError::Pkcs8`] if PKCS#8 key could not be decoded
    /// - Returns [`DecodeError::Sec1`] if SEC1 key could not be decoded
    #[cfg(any(feature = "pkcs8", feature = "sec1"))]
    #[allow(clippy::missing_panics_doc, reason = "should not panic")]
    pub fn from_der(der_bytes: &[u8]) -> DecodeResult<Self>
    where
        C: AssociatedOid + Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
        FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
    {
        #[allow(unused_assignments)]
        let mut err: Option<DecodeError> = None;

        #[cfg(feature = "pkcs8")]
        match ::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey::from_pkcs8_der(der_bytes) {
            Ok(sk) => return Ok(sk),
            Err(e) => err = Some(e.into()),
        }

        #[cfg(feature = "sec1")]
        match Self::from_sec1_der(der_bytes) {
            Ok(sk) => return Ok(sk),
            Err(e) => {
                // Insert if we don't already have a PKCS#8 error
                let _ = err.get_or_insert(e);
            }
        }

        Err(err.expect("should be set"))
    }

    /// Decode [`SecretKey`] from PEM-encoded private key.
    ///
    /// If you are expecting one format over the other, it's better to use a more specific method:
    /// - PKCS#8: [`::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey::from_pkcs8_pem`]
    /// - SEC1: [`::sec1::DecodeEcPrivateKey::from_sec1_pem`]
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// - Returns [`DecodeError::Pem`] if PEM label is invalid or otherwise malformed
    /// - Returns [`DecodeError::Pkcs8`] if PKCS#8 key detected but could not be decoded
    /// - Returns [`DecodeError::Sec1`] if SEC1 key detected but could not be decoded
    #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
    pub fn from_pem(pem: &str) -> DecodeResult<Self>
    where
        C: AssociatedOid + Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
        FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
    {
        let label = pem_rfc7468::decode_label(pem.as_bytes()).map_err(DecodeError::Pem)?;

        if ::pkcs8::PrivateKeyInfoRef::validate_pem_label(label).is_ok() {
            return ::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey::from_pkcs8_pem(pem).map_err(DecodeError::Pkcs8);
        } else if ::sec1::EcPrivateKey::validate_pem_label(label).is_ok() {
            return ::sec1::DecodeEcPrivateKey::from_sec1_pem(pem).map_err(DecodeError::Sec1);
        }

        Err(pem_rfc7468::Error::Label.into())
    }

    /// Deserialize secret key encoded in the SEC1 ASN.1 DER `ECPrivateKey` format.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// - if `der_bytes` does not encode a valid SEC1 private key
    /// - if the contained document does not encode a valid key for this curve
    #[cfg(feature = "sec1")]
    pub fn from_sec1_der(der_bytes: &[u8]) -> DecodeResult<Self>
    where
        C: AssociatedOid + Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
        FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
    {
        let sec1_key = sec1::EcPrivateKey::try_from(der_bytes)?;
        Self::try_from(sec1_key).map_err(|e| DecodeError::Sec1(e.into()))
    }

    /// Serialize secret key in the SEC1 ASN.1 DER `ECPrivateKey` format.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// If an internal error occurs encoding this key.
    #[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", feature = "arithmetic", feature = "sec1"))]
    pub fn to_sec1_der(&self) -> der::Result<Zeroizing<Vec<u8>>>
    where
        C: AssociatedOid + CurveArithmetic,
        AffinePoint<C>: FromSec1Point<C> + ToSec1Point<C>,
        FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
    {
        let private_key_bytes = Zeroizing::new(self.to_bytes());
        let public_key_bytes = self.public_key().to_sec1_point(false);
        let parameters = sec1::EcParameters::NamedCurve(C::OID);

        let ec_private_key = Zeroizing::new(
            sec1::EcPrivateKey {
                private_key: &private_key_bytes,
                parameters: Some(parameters),
                public_key: Some(public_key_bytes.as_bytes()),
            }
            .to_der()?,
        );

        Ok(ec_private_key)
    }

    /// Parse [`SecretKey`] from PEM-encoded SEC1 `ECPrivateKey` format.
    ///
    /// PEM-encoded SEC1 keys can be identified by the leading delimiter:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// - if the document cannot be decoded as PEM
    /// - if the PEM document does not encode a valid private key for this curve
    #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
    pub fn from_sec1_pem(s: &str) -> DecodeResult<Self>
    where
        C: AssociatedOid + Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
        FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
    {
        let (label, der_bytes) = pem::decode_vec(s.as_bytes()).map_err(DecodeError::Pem)?;

        if label != sec1::EcPrivateKey::PEM_LABEL {
            return Err(pem_rfc7468::Error::Label.into());
        }

        Self::from_sec1_der(&der_bytes)
    }

    /// Serialize private key as self-zeroizing PEM-encoded SEC1 `ECPrivateKey`
    /// with the given [`pem::LineEnding`].
    ///
    /// Pass `Default::default()` to use the OS's native line endings.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    /// If an internal error occurs encoding this key.
    #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
    pub fn to_sec1_pem(&self, line_ending: pem::LineEnding) -> Result<Zeroizing<String>>
    where
        C: AssociatedOid + CurveArithmetic,
        AffinePoint<C>: FromSec1Point<C> + ToSec1Point<C>,
        FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
    {
        self.to_sec1_der()
            .ok()
            .and_then(|der| {
                pem::encode_string(sec1::EcPrivateKey::PEM_LABEL, line_ending, &der).ok()
            })
            .map(Zeroizing::new)
            .ok_or(Error)
    }

    /// Deprecated: Generate a random [`SecretKey`].
    #[deprecated(since = "0.14.0", note = "use the `Generate` trait instead")]
    pub fn random<R: CryptoRng + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
        Self::generate_from_rng(rng)
    }
}

impl<C> ConstantTimeEq for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    fn ct_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> Choice {
        self.inner.ct_eq(&other.inner)
    }
}

impl<C> Debug for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct(core::any::type_name::<Self>())
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl<C> Drop for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.inner.zeroize();
    }
}
impl<C> ZeroizeOnDrop for SecretKey<C> where C: Curve {}

impl<C: Curve> Eq for SecretKey<C> {}

impl<C> PartialEq for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.ct_eq(other).into()
    }
}

impl<C> Generate for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    fn try_generate_from_rng<R: TryCryptoRng + ?Sized>(
        rng: &mut R,
    ) -> core::result::Result<Self, R::Error> {
        Ok(Self {
            inner: ScalarValue::<C>::try_generate_from_rng(rng)?,
        })
    }
}

impl<C> KeySizeUser for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    type KeySize = C::FieldBytesSize;
}

impl<C> TryKeyInit for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: Curve,
{
    fn new(key_bytes: &FieldBytes<C>) -> core::result::Result<Self, InvalidKey> {
        Self::from_bytes(key_bytes).map_err(|_| InvalidKey)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "sec1")]
impl<C> sec1::DecodeEcPrivateKey for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: AssociatedOid + Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
    FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
{
    fn from_sec1_der(bytes: &[u8]) -> sec1::Result<Self> {
        Ok(sec1::EcPrivateKey::from_der(bytes)?.try_into()?)
    }
}

#[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", feature = "arithmetic", feature = "sec1"))]
impl<C> sec1::EncodeEcPrivateKey for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: AssociatedOid + CurveArithmetic,
    AffinePoint<C>: FromSec1Point<C> + ToSec1Point<C>,
    FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
{
    fn to_sec1_der(&self) -> sec1::Result<der::SecretDocument> {
        let private_key_bytes = Zeroizing::new(self.to_bytes());
        let public_key_bytes = self.public_key().to_sec1_point(false);

        Ok(der::SecretDocument::encode_msg(&sec1::EcPrivateKey {
            private_key: &private_key_bytes,
            parameters: Some(C::OID.into()),
            public_key: Some(public_key_bytes.as_bytes()),
        })?)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "sec1")]
impl<C> TryFrom<sec1::EcPrivateKey<'_>> for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: AssociatedOid + Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
    FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
{
    type Error = der::Error;

    fn try_from(sec1_private_key: sec1::EcPrivateKey<'_>) -> der::Result<Self> {
        if let Some(sec1::EcParameters::NamedCurve(curve_oid)) = sec1_private_key.parameters {
            if C::OID != curve_oid {
                return Err(der::Tag::ObjectIdentifier.value_error().into());
            }
        }

        let secret_key = Self::from_slice(sec1_private_key.private_key)
            .map_err(|_| der::Tag::OctetString.value_error())?;

        if let Some(pk_bytes) = sec1_private_key.public_key {
            let pk = Sec1Point::<C>::from_bytes(pk_bytes)
                .map_err(|_| der::Tag::BitString.value_error())?;

            if C::validate_public_key(&secret_key, &pk).is_err() {
                return Err(der::Tag::BitString.value_error().into());
            }
        }

        Ok(secret_key)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
impl<C> From<NonZeroScalar<C>> for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: CurveArithmetic,
{
    fn from(scalar: NonZeroScalar<C>) -> SecretKey<C> {
        SecretKey::from(&scalar)
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
impl<C> From<&NonZeroScalar<C>> for SecretKey<C>
where
    C: CurveArithmetic,
{
    fn from(scalar: &NonZeroScalar<C>) -> SecretKey<C> {
        SecretKey {
            inner: scalar.into(),
        }
    }
}